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by Robert Hornback (Author)
1.Introduction: Recovering the Contexts of Early Modern Proto-Racism.2. Harlequin as Theatergram: Transmitting the Time-Worn Black Mask, Ancient to Antebellum.3. Beyond Good and Evil Symbolism: Allegories and Metaphysics of Blackfaced Folly.4. From Allegorical Type and Sartorial Satire to Minstrel Dandy Stereotype and Blackface-on-Black Violence.5. Sambo Dialects: Defining National Language Boundaries via Early Representations of Stereotypically Black Speech.6. Blackface in Shakespeare: Challenging Racial Allegories of Folly and Speech.7. Shakespeare in Blackface: Black Shakespeareans vs. Minstrel Burlesques, 1821-1844.8. A New Theory of Pre-Modern or Proto-Racism.9. White Nationalism, Trolling Humor as Propaganda, and the "Renaissance" of Christian Racism in the Age of Trump.
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This book traces blackface types from ancient masks of grinning Africans and phallus-bearing Roman fools through to comedic medieval devils, the pan-European black-masked Titivillus and Harlequin, and racial impersonation via stereotypical 'black speech' explored in the Renaissance by Lope de Vega and Shakespeare. Jim Crow and antebellum minstrelsy recycled Old World blackface stereotypes of irrationality, ignorance, pride, and immorality. Drawing upon biblical interpretations and philosophy, comic types from moral allegory originated supposedly modern racial stereotypes. Early blackface traditions thus spread damning race-belief that black people were less rational, hence less moral and less human. Such notions furthered the global Renaissance's intertwined Atlantic slave and sugar trades and early nationalist movements. The latter featured overlapping definitions of race and nation, as well as of purity of blood, language, and religion in opposition to 'Strangers'. Ultimately, Old World beliefs still animate supposed 'biological racism' and so-called 'white nationalism' in the age of Trump.
Author Biography
Robert Hornback is Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Oglethorpe University, USA. He teaches Shakespeare, Shakespeare's Contemporaries, Medieval & Renaissance Literature, Ancient Literature, and Comedy: Ancient to Renaissance. He is the author of The English Clown Tradition from the Middle Ages to Shakespeare (2009) and has published widely on fools and comedy.
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